STP VS UTP OF TWISTED PAIR

Twisted pair
Twisted pair cabling is a form of wiring in which two conductors (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources; for instance, electromagnetic radiation from Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk between neighboring pairs

A)Unshielded Twisted Pair
Twisted pair cables were first used in telephone systems by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881. By 1900, the entire American telephone line network was either twisted pair or open wire with similar arrangements to guard against interference. Today, most of the millions of kilometres of twisted pairs in the world are outdoor landlines, owned by telephone companies, used for voice service, and only handled or even seen by telephone workers.
UTP cables are found in many ethernet networks and telephone systems. For indoor telephone applications, UTP is often grouped into sets of 25 pairs according to a standard 25-pair color code originally developed by AT&T. A typical subset of these colors (white/blue, blue/white, white/orange, orange/white) shows up in most UTP cables.
For urban outdoor telephone cables containing hundreds or thousands of pairs, the cable is divided into smaller but identical bundles. Each bundle consists of twisted pairs that have different twist rates. The bundles are in turn twisted together to make up the cable. Pairs having the same twist rate within the cable can still experience some degree of crosstalk. Wire pairs are selected carefully to minimize crosstalk within a large cable.Short for Unshielded Twisted Pair cable, UTP cable is a popular type of cable used in computer networking that consists of two shielded wires twisted around each other.

B)Shielded Twisted Pair
Shielded Twisted Pair Cable is used to eliminate inductive and capacitive coupling. Twisting cancels out inductive coupling, while the shield eliminates capacitive coupling. Most applications for this cable are between equipment, racks and buildings. Shielding adds usually some attenuation to the cable (compared to unshielded), but usually not because in the case of balanced transmission, the complementing signals will effectively cancel out any shield currents, so shield current losses are negligible.
The noise pickup characteritics of twisted pair cable is determined by the following cable characteristics: number of twists per meter (generally more twists per meter gives better performance), uniform cable construction, capacitance balance (less capacitance difference to groud, the better), cable diameter (less are between wires is better) and the amount of shielding (more shielding, the better).

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

(A)Twisted Pair
Advantages :
1. Cheaper and far easier to splice.
2. Less susceptible to electrical interference caused by nearby equipment or wires.
3. In turn are less likely to cause interference themselves
.4. Because it is electrically "cleaner", STP wire can carry data at a faster speed.
Disadvantages :
1. STP wire is that it is physically larger and more expensive than twisted pairwire.
2. STP is more difficult to connect to a terminating block.

(B)Coaxial Pair
Advantages :
1. Coaxial cable can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable.
2. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that help keep moistureaway.
Disadvantages :
1. Thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is difficult to install.

(C)Fiber Optic
Advantages :
1. One single mode fiber can replace a metal of time larger and heavier.
2. Multi-mode optical cable has a larger diameter and can be used to carry signalover short distance.
Disadvantages :
1. Fiber optic versus metal cable is that it is difficult to make connections tofiber optic cable.
2. The optical fiber must be highly polished to allow light to pass with little loss.

B2B,B2C AND C2C..

B2B
B2B (business-to-business), also known as e-biz, is the exchange of products, services, or information between businesses rather than between businesses and consumers.
B2C
A transaction that occurs between a company and a consumer, as opposed to a transaction between companies (called B2B). The term may also describe a company that provides goods or services for consumers.
C2C
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) (or citizen-to-citizen)electronic commerce involves the electronically-facilitated transactions between consumers through some third party. A common example is the online auction, in which a consumer posts an item for sale and other consumers bid to purchase it; the third party generally charges a flat fee or commission. The sites are only intermediaries, just there to match consumers. They do not have to check quality of the products being offered.

RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA(RCA)

RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA (RCA)
U.S. RADIO COMPANY

In 1919, General Electric (GE) formed a privately owned corporation to acquire the assets of the wireless radio company American Marconi from British Marconi. The organization, known as the Radio Corporation of America or RCA, was formally incorporated on 17 October of that year. Shortly thereafter, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT and T) and Westinghouse acquired RCA assets and became joint owners of RCA. In 1926, RCA formed a new company, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), to oversee operation of radio stations owned by RCA, General Electric, Westinghouse and AT and T.
In the early 1930's, the Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against the company. In a 1932 consent decree, the organization's operations were separated and GE, AT and T, and Westinghouse were forced to sell their interests in the company. RCA retained its patents and full ownership of NBC. Shortly after becoming an independent company, RCA moved into new headquarters in the Rockefeller Center complex in New York City, into what later became known as Radio City.
While other American companies were cutting back on research expenditures during the depression years, David Sarnoff, President of RCA since 1930, was a staunch advocate of technological innovation. He expanded RCA's technology research division, devoting increased resources to television technology. Television pioneer Vladimir Zworykin was placed in charge of RCA's television research division. RCA acquired competing and secondary patents related to television technology, and once the organization felt that the technology had attained an appropriate level of refinement, it pushed for commercialization of the new medium.
In 1938, RCA persuaded the Radio Manufacturers Association (RMA) to consider adoption of its television system for standardization. The RMA adopted the RCA version, a 441 line, 30 pictures per second system, and presented the new standard to the FCC on 10 September 1938. Upon the recommendation of the RMA, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) scheduled formal hearings to address the adoption of standards. The hearings, however, did not take place until January 1940.
In the interim, RCA began production of receivers and initiated a limited schedule of television programming from the New York transmitters of the National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) basing their service upon the RMA-RCA standards. The service was inaugurated in conjunction with the opening of the New York World's Fair on 30 April 1939 and continued throughout the year. At the commission's hearing addressing standards on 15 January 1940, opposition to the proposed RMA standards emerged. The two strongest opponents of the standard were DuMont Laboratories and Philco Radio and Television. One of the criticisms voiced by both organizations was the assertion that the 441 line standard did not provide sufficient visual detail and definition. Given the lack of a clear industry consensus, the Commission did not act on the proposed RMA standards. Despite the absence of official approval, RCA continued to employ the RMA standards and announced plans in early 1940 to increase production of television receivers, cut the price to consumers by one-third, and double their programming schedule. While some commentators saw this as a reasonable and progressive action, the Commission perceived it as a step towards prematurely freezing the standards in place, and as a consequence, scheduled another set of public hearings for 8 April 1940. At these hearings, opponents argued that the action taken by RCA was stifling research and development into other alternative standards. As a result of the hearings, the Commission eliminated commercial broadcasting until further development and refinement had transpired. Furthermore, the Commission asserted that commercialization of broadcasting would not be permitted until there was industry consensus and agreement on one common system. To marshal industry wide support for a single standard, the RMA formed the National Television System Committee (NTSC). The NTSC standards, a 525 line, 60 fields per second system, were approved by the FCC in 1941.
Several years later, RCA also became a major participant in the establishment of color television standards. In 1949, the organization proposed to the FCC that its dot sequential color system, which was compatible with existing black and white receivers, be adopted as the new color standard. Citing shortcomings in the compatible systems offered by RCA and other organizations, the FCC opted to formally adopt an incompatible color system offered by the Columbia Broadcasting System as the color standard. RCA appealed this decision all the way to the Supreme Court, while simultaneously refining their color system. A second NTSC was formed to examine the color issue. In 1953, the FCC reversed itself and endorsed a modified version of the RCA dot sequential system compatible color system offered by the NTSC.
In the 1950s, RCA continued the military and defense work in which it had been heavily engaged during World War II. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the company became involved with both satellite technology and the space program. During the 1960s, RCA began to diversify as the company acquired such disparate entities as the publishing firm Random House, and the car rental company Hertz. Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, RCA began to divest itself of many of its acquired subsidiaries. In June 1986, RCA was acquired by General Electric, the organization that had originally established it as a subsidiary. GE retained the brand name RCA, established NBC as a relatively autonomous unit, and combined the remainder of RCA's businesses with GE operations.

10 SHORT FORM SMS

10 short form sms
1)You-u
2)Because-bcoz
3)Maybe-myb
4)The-da
5)Just-juz
6)Friend-fren
7)With-wif
8)good night-gud nite
9)love-luv
10)miss-miz

TREE TOPOLOGY AND MESH TOPOLOGY

TREE TOPOLOGY
Also known as a star bus topology, tree topology is one of the most common types of network setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star topology. A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology.

In the above example picture if the main cable or trunk between each of the two star topology networks failed, those networks would be unable to communicate with each other. However, computers on the same star topology would still be able to communicate with each other.

MESH TOPOLOGY

Mesh Network is a network where all the nodes are connected to each other and is a complete network.In a Mesh Network every node is connected to other nodes on the network through hops.Some are connected through single hops and some may be connected with more than one hope.While the data is travelling on the Mesh Network it is automatically configured to reach the destination by taking the shortest route which means the least number of hops.Data travels by hopping from one node to another and then reaches the destination node in a Mesh Topology Network.An example of a Mesh Network is the Mobile Adhoc Network or MANet.The entire Mesh Network is continuously connected.Being completely connected does not mean that Mesh Network is dependant on each and every node of the network.Even if one node fails in the Mesh Network the network finds an alternate route to transfer the data.It is called the self healing technology where it receives data one way or the other.The Mesh Network is based on a very sensible concept and has lesser chances of a network breakdown.There are so many possible combinations of routes and hops a data transfer can take that it will reach the destination one way or the other.It is highly unlikely that all the nodes in a single Mesh Network will break down at any given point of time.WIRELESS MESH NETWORKSWireless Mesh Network will work based on the radio frequencies and was originally developed by the army to be able to communicate.The reliability factors is high in any kind of Mesh Network.There are three types of wireless Mesh Topologies.
1.Fixed Wireless Connections
2.Peer to Peer or Adhoc Networks
3.Node to Node

FIXED MESH NETWORK
the fixed Mesh Networks will work only in the specified location and they are not mobile networks.They are meant to be used in a limited surrounding with boundaries.The location of nodes in affixed Mesh Network is all pre determined and they are not interchangeable.The fixed Mesh Network does not work on line of sight like the other types of Mesh Network.The total number of hops in a fixed Mesh Network is usually fixed and also short.There may not be many nodes as this kind of Mesh Networks exist within an office or building.More often than not the data travels on a specific direction

PEER TO PEER MOBILE NETWORKS
in a peer to peer mobile network the individual devices connect to each other using the Mesh Network.The peer does not require connecting to the main node and they can still communicate from one device to another device by taking the shortest possible data transfer route.However many experts believe that in peer to peer Mesh Networks the problems with scalability in terms of time taken for data transfer is questionable.The device has to know to transmit the data in the most optimal path and the entire data transfer or depends on this single factor.If the device is incapable then the whole purpose of using it in a peer to peer connection is lost

NODE-TO-NODE NETWORK
a Node-To-Node network is a combination of fixed Mesh Network and the mobile Mesh Network.In the node to node network a network cloud is introduced and all the nodes are configured to use the network cloud to connect to each other.So this feature makes it mobile and also the network is fixed because all the nodes of the same network connect to one single network cloud

razak SAT

RazakSAT Launching

We always talk of politics and political debates… this time VOY would like to write a bit about the nation’s latest achievement. The nation’s second micro satellite, the RazakSAT will we launched on 21 April from the Kwajelein Launch Facility in the Marshal Islands.
The satellite will be launched using the Falcon-1 from SpaceX which is based in the United States. The project of launching the satellite has been organized by Astronautic Technology (M) Sdn Bhd (ATSB).
Alongside RazakSAT the government will also be launching two more mini satellites which are the CubeSAT and InnoSAT. Both of them are new technology introduced by ATSB to ensure the stability of the satellites while in space.
“RazakSAT is the first satellite to have remote sensing with the total cost for the construction and launching of the satellite totaling RM150 million and will benefit not only our country but also the whole along the whole Equator.
“InnoSAT is the for project to combine the collaboration of university and industry in producing a satellite on the government’s research tender through the Science Fund as the government’s effort to produce experts in this field,” said Fadillah Yusof,
RazakSAT was actually scheduled to be launched early last year but was postponed as there were no available launch slots. ATSB is the leading company in satellite research in Malaysia, and was responsible for the construction of the Malaysian Tsunami Early Warning System, and the operation of the nation’s first microsatellite, the TiungSAT-1.
Another achievement by the nation that should be applauded and make the people of Malaysia proud. Some time we get sick and tired of news about political conflicts that is always in the news that we forget the achievement of our nation. At least there are still those concerned with the development of the nation. Let’s hope there are many more of such achievement in the future.
Blogger,voice of youth(2009)http://www.voy.com.my/archives/365

myEg portal

my Eg as know as my government portal

E-Government Overview
The Electronic Government initiative was launched to lead the country into the Information Age. It will improve how the government operates internally, as well as how it delivers services to the people of Malaysia. It seeks to improve the convenience, accessibility and quality of interactions with citizens and businesses. At the same time, it will improve information flows and processes within government to improve the speed and quality of policy development, coordination and enforcement.
To accelerate the objectives of Vision 2020, a path has already been defined through seven innovative Flagship Applications. These applications are engineered to start the MSC initiative and create a multimedia heaven for innovative producers and users of multimedia technology. Both local and foreign companies work with various government agencies to enhance the socio-economic development of Malaysia. The Multimedia Super Corridor offers a Malaysian initiative for the Information Age. The Flagship Applications are:
1. Electronic Government
2. Multipurpose Card
3. Smart School
4. Telehealth
5. R&D Clusters
6. E-Business
7. Technopreneur Development

E-Government
The vision of Electronic Government is a vision for government, businesses and citizenry working together for the benefit of Malaysia and all of its citizens. The vision focuses on effectively and efficiently delivering services from the government to the people of Malaysia, enabling the government to become more responsive to the needs of its citizens.
The 7 pilot projects of the Electronic Government Flagship Application are as follows;
1. Project Monitoring System (SPP II)
2. Human Resource Management Information System (HRMIS)
3. Generic Office Environment (GOE)
4. Electronic Procurement (EP)
5. Electronic Services (E-Services)
6. Electronic Labour Exchange (ELX)
7. E-Syariah

Multipurpose Card
The National Multipurpose Card seeks to develop a single and common platform for a Multipurpose Card (MPC) that will enable the government and private application providers to implement smart card solutions without duplications of effort and investment. Initially, the MPC is implemented through the GMPC and PMPC projects. As a result, MyKad and Bankcard are the products developed for the GMPC and PMPC initiatives.
The objectives of the MPC Flagship Application are:
1. To provide the government and payment application, and other future applications on a single MPC platform;
2. To provide enhanced services to customers; and
3. To enhance security and convenience of existing and new applications delivered on the MPC platform.
MyKad developed by the National Registration Department (JPN) and private ICT developers that create a common platform for smart card solutions. The card is embedded with a security enhanced 64K microprocessor chip that is multifunctional across varying systems. MyKad applications are:
1. National ID
2. Driving License
3. Passport Information
4. Health Information
5. Touch N Go
6. MEPS Cash
7. ATM
8. Public Key Infrastructure
The GMPC project is developed in two phases – the initial pilot roll-out for an estimated population of 2 millions in the Kuala Lumpur, Klang valley and MSC area followed by a national roll-out. The project was successfully implemented with the issuance of 2.59 million people in the Klang Valley as of October 2002. As for the national roll-out (NRO), the project will be extended nationwide, targeted for 2005.
As one of the Multimedia Super Corridor Flagship Applications, the development and implementation of the chip based Bankcard began in 2000 with the Malaysian Electronic Payment System (1997) Sdn. Bhd. (MEPS) at the helm working together with domestic banking institutions. Bank Negara Malaysia served as the lead agency whose primary function is to facilitate the implementation. The Bankcard will spur the vision of promoting electronic payment in the country. Initially the Bankcard will contain three payment applications namely:
1. ATM
2. E-Debit
3. MEPS Cash
The use of Bankcard encourages cashless payment transaction for various sectors e.g. retail, vending machines, car parks and transport and closed community to leverage on Bankcard to use MEPS Cash as the mode of payment. It also encourages participation of business venture in undertaking merchant acquiring business.
Under this initiative of implementing multiple payment applications onto a single smart card, the domestic banking institutions pioneered the chip based electronic purse during the Commonwealth Games (SUKOM) in September 1998. The full implementation of the PMPC project (ATM, e-Debit and MEPS Cash) commenced in early 2001. In August 2002, several domestic banking institutions began their pilot rollout by issuing the Bankcard to their staff and the public. On 28 February 2003, the Bankcard was officially launched.
Smart School
The Smart School Flagship Application is driven by the need for Malaysia to make the transformation from an industrial to an information-based economy. This would call for a technologically-literate thinking workforce who is well able to perform in a global environment as well as use information age tools and technology to improve productivity. It is also a learning institution that has been systemically reinvented in terms of teaching-learning practices and school management in order to prepare students to practice self-assessed and self-directed learning focusing on individual achievements and development.
The Smart School Flagship Application comprise
1. School Teaching-Learning Materials
2. Smart School Management System
3. Smart School Technology Infrastructure
4. School Assessment System
5. Systems Integration
6. Help Desk and Support

Telehealth
The Telehealth initiative aims to keep people in the wellness paradigm, through the availability of health information and virtual health services thus transforming the way healthcare services are delivered and accessed. Definition of Telehealth is a multimedia network linking all players to provide products and services in health care.
The four Telehealth Flagship Application pilot projects are :
1. Teleconsultation (TC)
2. Mass Customised / Personalised Health Information and Education (MCPHIE)
3. Lifetime Health Plan (LHP)
4. Continuing Medical Education (CME)
R&D Cluster
MSC’s Research and Development Cluster (R&D) flagship application pools corporate resources and creates an environment to further promote the development of next-generation multimedia technologies. This is achieved by forging collaborative R&D efforts among leading-edge corporations, public research institutions and universities.
To catalyze R&D activities in the MSC, the following programs have been initiated:
1. MSC R&D Grant Scheme (MGS)
2. MSC Student Attachment Programs (SAP)
3. MSC Technology Forum Series
4. Collaborative R&D efforts between firms, universities and research institutes
5. Exhibitions (local and overseas)

E-Business
The E-Business cluster aims to shape an Electronic Business environment competitive with the major economic powers. This cluster has an enormous potential market that could be one of the driving forces for future economic growth.
It is transforming the way in which business was conducted - it enables businesses to become more adaptive and responsive. The E-Biz aims to provide more efficient and better quality services to the community, and encourage the business and community to accept electronic business as an integral part of their daily lives[1].

More on E-Government
The Government wants to make e-government more customer-oriented to complement the large infrastructure build-up that has been the primary focus of its efforts.
The new emphasis on the customer – that is, the public – is expected to be a key item in the Malaysian Public Sector ICT Strategic Plan that is currently being drafted by the Malaysian Administrative and Management Planning Unit (Mampu). Chief Secretary to the Government Tan Sri Samsudin Osman devoted the bulk of his address at a conference on e-government for the civil service last week on enhancing service delivery to the public.
“We can build on the successful implementation of e-government ... (but) there are still gaps in the level of service delivery and the perceived value of that delivery from our most important constituents – the citizens,” he said.
The conference was organized by Microsoft Knowledge Capital Center in collaboration with Mampu, National Institute of Public Administration and, the Energy, Communications and Multimedia Ministry.
He added that there was a need to move up the scale in which the basic services offered online would create new avenues of value added services.
Such a move would involve integrating multiple channels of service delivery – counter, telephone, SMS, and Internet – and end-to-end services that involve “cross-agency collaboration.”
“This will ensure that the Government portrays the image of ‘one government’ to citizens and business, instead of the view of a myriad of agencies and departments,” said Samsudin.
Malaysia’s huge e-government initiative began in 1997 with the launch of the Multimedia Super Corridor’s E-Government Flagship Application.
Since then, the Government has made large strides in areas such as electronic procurement, project monitoring, and human resource management.
But services that require members of the public to come into regular contact with the government, like driving license renewals or income tax returns, remain at a rudimentary level or have yet to make it online.
The Government has conducted a study to take stock of its e-government achievements so far, and the findings have been used to develop the Malaysian Public Sector ICT Strategic Plan, according Samsudin.
“It will serve as the blueprint for future ICT development and implementation in the public sector,” he added.
The blueprint would also chart the public sector’s path towards an “e-government that is able to provide seamless services and information.”
In line with the plan’s customer focus, the Government will set up a portal through which the public would eventually be able to access all online public services. Samsudin said the portal would also provide access to community sites as well.
“The portal represents a progression from the current scenario of disparate websites,” he added.
Many public sector websites currently focus largely on providing information, rather than services that are available, but Samsudin indicated that that would eventually be a thing of the past.
“We want government departments and agencies to promote the services, not promote the departments,” he said.
The Electronic Government initiative was launched to lead the country into the Information Age. It will improve both how the government operates internally as well as how it delivers services to the people of Malaysia. It seeks to improve the convenience, accessibility and quality of interactions with citizens and businesses; simultaneously, it will improve information flows and processes within government to improve the speed and quality of policy development, coordination and enforcement.
The vision of Electronic Government is a vision for government, businesses and citizenry working together for the benefit of Malaysia and all of its citizens. The vision focuses on effectively and efficiently delivering services from the government to the people of Malaysia, enabling the government to become more responsive to the needs of its citizens[1].
The 7 pilot projects of the Electronic Government Flagship Application are as follows;
1. Project Monitoring System (SPP II)2. Human Resource Management Information System (HRMIS)3. Generic Office Environment (GOE)4. Electronic Procurement (EP)5. Electronic Services (E-Services)6. Electronic Labour Exchange (ELX)7. E-Syariah

RILEK PORTAL..

rilex portal...
ELECTRONIC TRANSACTION
Introducing RILEK as the revolutionary way to perform all your e-government services:
Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ)Polis DiRaja Malaysia (PDRM)Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TMB)Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
We provide easy transactions electronically via various delivery channels.
RILEK offers JPJ Driving Licences services, summons payments and inquiries on Kejara points.
Our services include electronic utility bill payment for TNB and Telekom bills.
Go online and experience hands-on the technologically advanced payment method, minus the hassle, queues, and frustrations. You can complete all your billing payments and inquiries in an instant, comfortably from anywhere.
STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGYRILEK represent reliability, simplicity and security. RILEK is equipped with high-end multimedia facilities and system support to accommodate heavy traffic flow. In addition, it is capable of processing information at an efficient and high-speed rate. RILEK promotes a hassle-free and innovative lifestyle that is designed to eliminate queues and frustrations. RILEK combines advanced technology and human proficiency to enhance your lifestyle.

Home


Copyright 2008 (C) Konsortium Multimedia Swasta Sdn Bhd
Version 1.2 20081119

THE DIFFERENT OF MICROSOFT WINDOW AND APPLE MAC OS SOFTWARE

MICROSOFT WINDOW
Microsoft Corporation is a software company based in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft's flagship product, the Windows operating system, is the single most popular operating system for home desktop use. Its other desktop products, namely Microsoft Office, Internet Explorer, and Windows Media Player, are either bundled directly with the Windows operating system, or are often sold together with Windows as preinstalled software on new computer systems. Additionally, the company manufactures and sells computer hardware such as keyboards and mice, and owns or possesses interest in several content-distribution channels such as MSNBC, the MSN Internet portal, and the Microsoft Encarta electronic encyclopedia.
The Microsoft Windows operating system started life as an optional addition to the MS-DOS operating system. The idea of a graphical user interface was pioneered by Apple Computer's Apple II and Macintosh. However, due to prior work with IBM, Microsoft successfully convinced the hardware giant to ship Microsoft Windows preinstalled on IBM personal computers. This monumental step had piggybacked Windows to be one of the most recognized software titles in history. The Microsoft Office suit of applications (Word, Excel, Powerpoint, and Access) began life as Microsoft Works, an Apple Macintosh application that provided the functions of a word processor, spreadsheet, and database all in one. Microsoft's popular Internet Explorer web browser was originally a rebranded version of Spyglass Mosaic.
Microsoft has just released the new Office suite for Windows. Getting those documents to friends via the Internet is easy. Try a pdf converter such as converting pdf to doc or even converting pdf to excel so that the PDFs can be edited again.

Microsoft products have traditionally been plagued with security problems, leading to an entire malicious software industry today. Although all major operating systems and computer programs have been subject to attack at one time or another, Microsoft's latency at resolving issues, and the simple number of them, has tarnished the company's image. Microsoft has a policy of releasing patches to its software on the second Tuesday of every month via Microsoft Update, with no more than 10 major changes to its products at those times. Thus, exploits that are discovered around mid-month are not corrected for at least four weeks, and in many cases eight or twelve weeks can go by before a patch is released for a security issue. Microsoft Corporation has promised that its new Windows Vista operating system will be more secure than previous offerings such as Windows XP, however the ten patches a month policy has not been changed.

APPLE MAC OS

Mac OS is the trademarked name for a series of graphical user interface-based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. (formerly Apple Computer, Inc.) for their Macintosh line of computer systems. The Macintosh user experience is credited with popularizing the graphical user interface. The original form of what Apple would later name the "Mac OS" was the integral and unnamed system software first introduced in 1984 with the original Macintosh, usually referred to simply as the System software. It was a trimmed-down version of the operating system underpinning Apple's earlier Lisa product.
Apple deliberately downplayed the existence of the operating system in the early years of the Macintosh to help make the machine appear more user-friendly and to distance it from other operating systems such as MS-DOS, which was more arcane and technically challenging. Much of this early system software was held in ROM, with updates typically provided free of charge by Apple dealers on floppy disk. As increasing disk storage capacity and performance gradually eliminated the need for fixing much of an advanced GUI operating system in ROM, Apple explored cloning while positioning major operating system upgrades as separate revenue-generating products, first with System 7.1 and System 7.5, then with Mac OS 7.6 in 1997.
Early versions of the Mac OS were compatible only with Motorola 68000-based Macintoshes. As Apple introduced computers with PowerPC hardware, the OS was upgraded to support this architecture as well. Mac OS 8.1 was the last version that could run on a 68000-class processor (the 68040). Mac OS X, which has superseded the "Classic" Mac OS, is compatible with both PowerPC and Intel processors through version 10.5 ("Leopard"). Version 10.6 ("Snow Leopard") supports only Intel processors.
The early Macintosh operating system initially consisted of two pieces of software, called "System" and "Finder", each with its own version number. System 7.5 was the first to include the Mac OS logo (a variation on the original Happy Mac startup icon), and Mac OS 7.6 was the first to be named "Mac OS" (to ensure that users would still identify it with Apple, even when used in "clones" from other companies).
Before the intoduction of the later PowerPC G3-based systems, significant parts of the system were stored in physical ROM on the motherboard. The initial purpose of this was to avoid using up the limited storage of floppy disks on system support, given that the early Macs had no hard disk. (Only one model of Mac was ever actually bootable using the ROM alone, the 1991 Mac Classic model.) This architecture also allowed for a completely graphical OS interface at the lowest level without the need for a text-only console or command-line mode. Boot time errors, such as finding no functioning disk drives, were communicated to the user graphically, usually with an icon or the distinctive Chicago bitmap font and a Chime of Death or a series of beeps. This was in contrast to PCs of the time, which displayed such messages in a mono-spaced font on a black background, and required the use of the keyboard, not a mouse, for input. To provide such niceties at a low level, Mac OS depended on core system software in ROM on the motherboard, a fact that later helped to ensure that only Apple computers or licensed clones (with the copyright-protected ROMs from Apple) could run Mac OS.
The Mac OS can be divided into two families:
1.The Mac OS Classic family, which was based on Apple's own code
2.The Mac OS X operating system, derived from UNIX

"Classic" Mac OS (1984)

Mac OS history
Original 1984 Macintosh desktop
The "classic" Mac OS is characterized by its total lack of a command line; it is a completely graphical operating system. Noted for its ease of use and its cooperative multitasking, it was criticized for its very limited memory management, lack of protected memory and susceptibility to conflicts among operating system "extensions" that provide additional functionality (such as networking) or support for a particular device. Some extensions may not work properly together, or work only when loaded in a particular order. Troubleshooting Mac OS extensions can be a time-consuming process of trial and error.
The Macintosh originally used the Macintosh File System (MFS), a flat file system with only one level of folders. This was quickly replaced in 1985 by the Hierarchical File System(HFS), which had a true directory tree. Both file systems are otherwise compatible.
Extensions Manager under Mac OS 9
Most file systems used with DOS, Unix, or other operating systems treat a file as simply a sequence of bytes, requiring an application to know which bytes represented what type of information. By contrast, MFS and HFS gave files two different "forks". The data fork contained the same sort of information as other file systems, such as the text of a document or the bitmaps of an image file. The resource fork contained other structured data such as menu definitions, graphics, sounds, or code segments. A file might consist only of resources with an empty data fork, or only a data fork with no resource fork. A text file could contain its text in the data fork and styling information in the resource fork, so that an application, which didn’t recognize the styling information, could still read the raw text. On the other hand, these forks provided a challenge to interoperability with other operating systems; copying a file from a Mac to a non-Mac system would strip it of its resource fork, necessitating such encoding schemes as BinHex and MacBinary.
PowerPC versions of Mac OS X up to and including Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger (support for Classic was dropped by Apple with Leopard's release and it is no longer included) include a compatibility layer for running older Mac applications, the Classic Environment. This runs a full copy of the older Mac OS, version 9.1 or later, in a Mac OS X process. PowerPC-based Macs shipped with Mac OS 9.2 as well as Mac OS X. Mac OS 9.2 had to be installed by the user — it was not installed by default on hardware revisions released after the release of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger. Most well-written "classic" applications function properly under this environment, but compatibility is only assured if the software was written to be unaware of the actual hardware, and to interact solely with the operating system. The Classic Environment is not available on Intel-based Macintosh systems due to the incompatibility of Mac OS 9 with the x86 hardware

Mac OS 9

- the last release of the classic Mac OS.
Users of the classic Mac OS generally upgraded to Mac OS X, but many criticized it as being more difficult and less user-friendly than the original Mac OS, for the lack of certain features that had not been re-implemented in the new OS, or for being slower on the same hardware (especially older hardware), or other, sometimes serious incompatibilities with the older OS. Because drivers (for printers, scanners, tablets, etc.) written for the older Mac OS are not compatible with Mac OS X, and due to the lack of Mac OS X support for older Apple machines, a significant number of Macintosh users have still continued using the older classic Mac OS. But by 2005, it has been reported that almost all users of systems capable of running Mac OS X are doing so, with only a small fraction still running the classic Mac OS.
In June 2005, Steve Jobs announced at the Worldwide Developers Conference keynote that Apple computers would be transitioning from PowerPC to Intel processors and thus dropping compatibility on new machines for Mac OS Classic. At the same conference, Jobs announced Developer Transition Kits that included beta versions of Apple software including Mac OS X that developers could use to test their applications as they ported them to run on Intel-powered Macs. In January 2006, Apple released the first Macintosh computers with Intel processors, an iMac and the MacBook Pro, and in February 2006, Apple released a Mac mini with an Intel Core Solo and Duo processor. On May 16, 2006, Apple released the MacBook, before completing the Intel transition on August 7 with the Mac Pro. To ease the transition for early buyers of the new machines, Intel-based Macs include an emulation technology called Rosetta, which allows them to run Mac OS X software that was compiled for PowerPC-based Macintoshes. Rosetta runs transparently, creating a user experience identical to running the software on a PowerPC machine, though execution is typically slower than with native code.

Mac OS X (since 2001)
Star Trek
Star Trek project
One interesting historical aspect of the classic Mac OS was a relatively unknown secret prototype Apple started work on in 1992, code-named "Star Trek" (as in "to boldly go where no Mac has gone before"). The goal of this project was to create a version of Mac OS that would run on Intel-compatible x86 personal computers. The project was instigated by Novell, Inc., who were looking to integrate their DR-DOS with the Mac OS UI as a retort to Microsoft's Windows 3.0. The Apple/Novell team (fourteen engineers from the former, four from the latter) was able to get the Macintosh Finder and some basic applications, like QuickTime, running smoothly on a PC. Some of the code from this effort was reused when porting the Mac OS later to PowerPC.The project was short lived, being canceled only one year later in early 1993. There are two theories for the cancellation: the first is that Apple's board canceled further development upon realizing that going with Star Trek would mean an entirely new business model and one that would likely see a notable drop in Apple's lucrative hardware sales; and the second is that an x86 Mac OS was not commercially viable in the early nineties because Microsoft's contracts for Windows 3.1 forced PC manufacturers to pay a royalty to Microsoft for every computer shipped, regardless of what operating system it contained
A further complication was that Star Trek was designed to be source-level compatible, not binary compatible, with the Mac OS. Mac applications would therefore have to be recompiled or rewritten by their developers to run on the x86 architecture, and there was much skepticism as to exactly how much work this would entail.
Fifteen years after Star Trek, support for the x86 architecture was officially included in Mac OS, and then Apple transitioned all desktop computers to the x86 architecture. This was not the direct result of earlier Project Star Trek efforts. The Darwin underpinning used for Mac OS X 10.0 and later included support for the x86 architecture. The remaining non-Darwin portion of Mac OS X (based on OPENSTEP, which ran on Intel processors) was released officially with the introduction of x86 Macintosh computers.

68000 emulation
Although the Star Trek software was never released, third-party Macintosh emulators, such as vMac, Basilisk II, and Executor, eventually made it possible to run the classic Mac OS on Intel-based PCs. These emulators were restricted to emulating the 68000series of processors, and as such most couldn't run versions of the Mac OS that succeeded 8.1, which required PowerPC processors. Most also required a Mac ROM image or a hardware interface supporting a real Mac ROM chip; those requiring an image are of dubious legal standing as the ROM image may infringe on Apple's intellectual property.
A notable exception was the Executor commercial software product from Abacus Research & Development, the only product that used 100% reverse engineered code without the use of Apple technology. It ran extremely quickly but never achieved more than a minor subset of functionality. Few programs were completely compatible and many were extremely crash-prone if they ran at all. Executor filled a niche market for porting 68000 classic Mac applications to x86 platforms; development ceased in 2002 and the source code was released by the author in late 2008.
Emulators using Mac ROM images offered near complete Mac OS compatibility and later versions offered excellent performance as modern x86 processor performance increased exponentially.
Most of the Mac user base had already started moving to the PowerPC platform that offered backward compatibility on 8.xx & 9.xx operating systems along with faster PowerPC software support. This helped ease the transition to PowerPC-only applications while prematurely obsolescing 68000 emulators and the Classic-only applications they supported well before these emulators were refined enough to compete with a real Mac.

PowerPC emulation
At the time of 68000-emulator development PowerPC support was difficult to justify not only due to the emulation code itself but also the anticipated wide performance overhead of an emulated PowerPC architecture vs. a real PowerPC based Mac. This would later prove correct with the start of the PearPC project even years later despite the availability of 7th & 8th generation x86 processors employing similar architecture paradigms present in the PowerPC. Many application developers were also creating and releasing both 68000 Classic and PowerPC versions concurrently helping to negate the need for PowerPC emulation. PowerPC Mac users who could technically run either obviously chose the faster PowerPC applications. Soon Apple was no longer selling 68000-based Macs and the existing installed base started to quickly evaporate. Despite the eventual excellent 68000-emulation technology available they proved never to be even a minor threat to real Macs due to their late arrival and immaturity even several years after the release of much more compelling PowerPC based Macs.
The PearPC emulator is capable of emulating the PowerPC processors required by newer versions of the Mac OS (like Mac OS X). Unfortunately, it is still in the early stages and, like many emulators, tends to run much slower than a native operating system would.
During the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors, Apple realized the need to incorporate a PowerPC emulator into Mac OS X in order to protect its customers' investments in software designed to run on the PowerPC. Apple's solution is an emulator called Rosetta. Prior to the announcement of Rosetta, industry observers assumed that any PowerPC emulator running on an x86 processor would suffer a heavy performance penalty (e.g., PearPC's slow performance). Rosetta's relatively minor performance penalty therefore took many by surprise.
Another PowerPC emulator is SheepShavEr, which has been around since 1998 for BeOS on the PowerPC platform, but in 2002 was open sourced with porting efforts beginning to get it to run on other platforms. Originally it was not designed for use on x86 platforms and required an actual PowerPC processor present in the machine it was running on similar to a hypervisor. Although it provides PowerPC processor support, it can only run up to Mac OS 9.0.4 because it does not emulate a memory management unit.
Other examples include ShapeShifter (by the same programmer that conceived SheepShaver), Fusion and iFusion. The latter ran clAssic Mac OS with a PowerPC "coprocessor" accelerator card. Using this method has been said to equal or better the speed of a Macintosh with the same processor, especially with respect to the m68k series due to real Macs running in MMU trap mode, hampering performance.

Macintosh clones
Main articles: Macintosh clone and OSx86
Several computer manufacturers over the years have made Macintosh clones capable of running Mac OS, notably Power Computing, UMAX and Motorola. These machines normally ran various versions of classic Mac OS. Steve Jobs ended the clone-licensing program after returning to Apple in 1997.
In 2008, a manufacturing company in Miami, FL called Psystar Corporation, announced a $499 clone that comes with a barebones system that can run Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard. Threatened with legal battles, Psystar originally called the system OpenMac and have since changed it to Open Computer. Apple is still in a lawsuit with the company and says it wants Psystar to pay for damages, recall every clone ever sold, and pay Apple's legal bills.

A/UX
Main article: A/UX
In 1988, Apple released its first UNIX-based OS, A/UX, which was a UNIX operating system with the Mac OS look and feel. It was not very competitive for its time, due in part to the crowded Unix market. A/UX had most of its success in sales to the U.S. government, where UNIX was a requirement that Mac OS could not meet. Mac OS X later incorporated code from the UNIX-based NeXTStep after Steve Jobs rejoined Apple in 1997.

KNOW MY CLASSMATE

KNOWING MY CLASSMATE
OF MEDIA TECHNOLOGY..

(scct 1023)

by their:

• hobby
• favourite colour
• place to hang out
• where their come from

1)SIMON

-playing piano,baking cheese cakes

-purple

-red box

-penang

2)SAY-ARE

-surfing Internet,chatting,and cooking

-pink and purple

-putrajaya

-selangor

3)NAQIA

-reading

-blue

-shopping mall

-johor

4)ANGGIE

-play tennis

-blue

-cinema

-Indonesia

5)SANDRA

-chatting

-red

-stay in own room

-sabah

6)MUN

-reading

-blue

-shopping center

-selangor

7)TIEU SIOK KIA

-play computer

-purple

-shopping center

-penang

8)ROSLIN

-chatting

-white

-own room

-johor

9)KALAY

-chatting

-black and white

-langkawi island

-kedah

10)RIDHUAN

-talking

-blue

-kuala lumpur

-nigeria

11)YANA

-surf internet

-old colour

-times square

-sabah

12)ZA

-chatting

-blue

-shopping

-terengganu

13)NUROL

-travelling

-brown

-mall

-indonesia

14)LOGES

-listening music

-pink

-tumpat

-kelantan

15)YUSOF

-surf internet

-white

-cafe

-selangor

I6)IZHAR

-surf internet

-green and yellow

-beach

-kedah

17)MIEY

-walk climbing

-red,black and white

-all cafe in malaysia

-perlis

18)LEA

-reading

-white

-food court

-perak

19)MIMI

-singing

-black

-hometown

-perak

20)HANIS

-reading

-purple

-shopping center

-penang

21)AH YIEN

-reading novel

-purple

-bookshop

-sarawak

22)SHAN

-listening music

-yellow

-waterfall

-johor

23)PEI CHIN

-jogging

-blue

-kuala lumpur

-pahang

24)CHUA

-singing

-pink

-shopping center

-perak

25)SOAK PENG

-wacth movies

-blue

-shopping center

-pahang

26)FONG

-wacth tv

-purple

-beach

-sarawak

27)YEN PIN

-shopping

-pink

-shopping center

-pahang

28)YING

-singing

-purple

-shopping mall

-kedah

29)YAU

-sleeping

-white

-YAB cafe

-kuala lumpur

30)AORON

-playing football

-black

-pub

-penang

31)KONG

-playing football

-black

-YAB cafe

-kuala lumpur

32)KI

-playing badminton

-green

-cafe

-malacca

33)SAM

-listening music

-silver

-cafe

-perak

34)FISYI

-playing badminton

-red

-cafe

-pahang

35)C-PUNG

-play computer

-white

-shopping center

-pahang

36)UMI

-chatting

-red

-own room

-kedah

37)NADIA

-surf internet

-pink

-shopping center

-perak

38)NAD

-reading novel

-blue

-own room

-kedah